Most antenna manufacturers provide 2-D representations of their antenna patterns, so it's good to get accustomed to reading them in that manner. However, software is available to convert those 2-D patterns to 3-D (see Antennavis 0.2 and NSMA Antenna Pattern Plotter for Windows).
An interesting tutorial on antennas can be found at the AeroComm Antenna Tutorial.
Subsea cable alternatives can provide a level of comfort for those concerned about disruptions. Realistically, they will continue to play a small, but critical role in the short term.
Maintaining existing network infrastructures often incurs huge technical debt before newer technologies are adopted over time.
Amid ongoing regional uncertainties, telecom infrastructure in the Middle East has expand to include terrestrial low-latency network infrastructure, which offers resilience and agility in navigating political complexities without relying solely on undersea networks.
