An encoder creates the I, P and B frames, and the resulting bitstream is broken into 184-byte blocks, each with a four-byte transport header appended that contains information about the overall program stream and timing. Seven such transport packets generally comprise the payload of an IP packet, and an I-frame will span many IP packets. So, if one is lost, the part of the screen that is presented is distorted.
History: The Role of Television
To understand the many forms in which video might appear in the enterprise network, begin with the method used to implement television broadcasting. Years ago, federal regulators allocated 6 MHz of bandwidth per individual channel being broadcast over the air. With this bandwidth, engineers managed to represent moving images in two primary formats: NTSC (National Television Standards Committee), used mainly in North and South America and Japan, and PAL (Phase Alternation Line), used most everywhere else.
NTSC records and shows 30 frames per second using the 6 MHz originally granted by the government. The image is shown as 480 visible lines, each containing 720 pixels (720X480). This format is often referred to as Standard Definition TV, or SDTV. High Definition TV, or HDTV, has approximately twice the number of lines and twice the density of pixels on each line. Therefore, an HDTV signal, when digitized, will use about four times the bandwidth of a digitized SDTV signal, which would consume 270 Mbps. This is where MPEG compression comes in (see "Got Bandwidth").
At the source of the video stream is an encoder. Using sophisticated mathematical techniques, the signal captured by the camera is digitized, and redundant information is removed. About 100:1 compression is achievable without causing the output to be significantly distorted, though the actual rate is dependent on many factors, including how much diversity there is in color and brightness, the amount of motion (read: don't use a handheld camera), and parameters set in the encoder.
The other major factors that affect final bandwidth requirements are frame rate (frames per second) and frame size (pixels/lines).
Once all this is taken into account, the actual bandwidth requirement can vary from as little as 80 Kbps for a small QSIF (Quarter Source Input Format) image (176X144) to as high as 4.5 Mbps for an SDTV (720X480) signal.
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